The Attitudes And Practices Of Nigerian Immigrants On...

The title of this article is â€Å" Using photovoice to explore Nigerian immigrants’ eating and physical activity in the United States†. According to Turk, Fapohunda, and Zoucha (2014), the purpose of this article were to explore the perceptions and practices of Nigerian immigrants regarding healthy eating and physical activity in the United States; assess the influence of cultural beliefs of Nigerian immigrants on eating and physical activity; describe the role that healthcare providers can play in helping to promote healthy eating and physical activity; and evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of using photovoice to collect data on the perceptions and practices of Nigerian immigrants regarding healthy eating and physical activity. Ethical Aspect The study activities institutional review broad approval was obtained from the university where the principal investigator is employed. Eligible participants were asked to participate in this study about their perception of unhealthy and healthy eating and activity. In their first meeting at the church, the study was explained, and writing informed consent was obtained. In the study the researcher stated that they used audiotaped and told participants their responses would remain confidential. After two weeks they returned back to the church to distribute digital cameras, they demonstrated how to use the camera, and explained to participants what they need to take picture of. Participants were trained to respect privacy and asking forShow MoreRelatedEssay on Personal Heritage Assessment1520 Words   |  7 Pagesprotection and health restoration. Also this paper will identify health traditions as regards to cultural heritage of the writer, then how the three families interviewed in this paper follow their customs and how important their traditions and practices are to them. Heritage can be described as the degree of which one’s lifestyle reflects his/her tribal culture. Cultural heritage exist in a continuum and a person can possess values both the traditional –living within the norms of the traditionalRead MoreInvestment Decisions. Answer: -1524 Words   |  7 Pageshealth protection and health restoration. Also this paper will identify health traditions as regards to cultural heritage of the writer, then how the three families interviewed in this paper follow their customs and how important their traditions and practices are to them. Heritage can be described as the degree of which one’s lifestyle reflects his/her tribal culture. Cultural heritage exist in a continuum and a person can possess values both the traditional –living within the norms of the traditionalRead MoreAnalysis of the Causes and Measures of Curbing Fraud in the Banking Sector25289 Words   |  102 Pagesthe years experienced an increase in the rate of fraudulent activities in the banking sector of the economy. The issue of fraud in the Nigerian banking sector is prevalent and not easily managed. Fraud is deep rooted in the social setting and the extent of growth depends on the wrong sense of value Nigerians choose to cultivate in terms of wealth acquisition. Therefore, the intense natural inclination to defraud of the ordinary Nigerian is the direct product of our materialistic society. The banksRead MoreDrugs in Society Study Guide Essay4299 Words   |  18 PagesOPPORTUNITY THEORY: Street gangs train youths for adult crim inality Anomie: the goal of success becomes more important than the means CULTURAL TRANSMISSION: crime occurs in decaying transitional areas Victimless crimes: because people choose the activity, no crime has been committed by using drugs SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY: minority youths abuse drugs due to low self-esteem DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION: People learn criminality through social contact with criminals Which of the followingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesresulted from the wars, revolutions, and natural and man-made disasters of the twentieth century. Howard Spodek’s essay charts the development of the urban areas that have been the destination for the great majority of both international and domestic immigrants in the modern era, and that in 2005 became the place of residence for the majority of the world’s human population for the first time in history. He gives considerable attention to changes in city planning, patterns of urban growth, and importantRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesfoolish and a painful reminder of slavery and oppression. Rasta was an offense to those who wanted to deny the African part of their heritage. And the truth is also that in Jamaica at that time the privileging of lighter-skinned people was standard practice. Rastas were confronting so many of these long-held notions and so were bound to face a great deal of resistance. What Edmonds manages to do here is offer us a way to appreciate the importance of Rastafarianism as a religious phenomenon that isRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesresearched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughly explaining, analyzing and exploring organization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more fragmented. Organization theory is central to managing, organizing andRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagescalves. After branding season, I joined the fencing crew, five men led by the oldest hand, Morris. We worked ten...hour days planting railroad ties and anchoring fence braces. I admired Morriss expertise and calm demeanor. But Morris never did any physical work, and he constantly aired his disdain for fencing. After two weeks, Morris abruptly quit. Tony approached me. He said that I had earned his trust and wanted me to lead the crew. I replied that I would be honored but first wanted to consult Lon

Moiety Definition in Chemistry

In chemistry, a moiety is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule. Although sometimes the terms moiety and functional group are interchanged, a functional group is a smaller group of atoms. Moieties are branches in organic molecules that extend from the carbon backbone. Often, moieties may be substituted with other substituents or side chains. In pharmacology, an active moiety is the portion of an ion or molecule responsible for the activity of a drug. Examples: hydroxyl moiety: -OHaldehyde moiety: -COH

Health Care Communication Free Essays

The patient who is distrusting of their nurse will not be compliant or may not take part in self-care. Nurses communicate each day with patients and coworkers. Building effective communication skills in the healthcare industry can lead to optimal outcomes. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Care Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first step to communication is to determine what the message to be conveyed is and put it in a logical order. Make the message brief. Choosing your words correctly will allow the receiver to understand what you are saying. Be considerate of the patient’s education, cultural, knowledge base and level of understanding. When you begin to speak be sure that you have the attention of the receiver, at the end of the conversation get feedback to ensure that your message was conveyed correctly. This paper will discuss the definition of health care communication, the relevancy of effective personal healthcare communication with other health care professionals and patients, relevancy of effective healthcare communication to health outcomes, and how the lack of effective personal and professional healthcare communications contributes to poor health outcomes. Healthcare communication can be defined as when an individual seeks information n health related issues. According to Healthy People 2010, (n. D. , overview), â€Å"Health communication encompasses the study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions that enhance health. â€Å"The dissemination of information can be done via public communication or in an organizational context. Public communication refers to, â€Å"presentations, speeches, and public addresses made by individuals on health-related topics†. (Morehouse, 1998, p. 4). Health communication in the organizational context refers to how administration or staff provides information in regard to healthcare. The use of communication for healthcare issues is important to many people in that it increases awareness of healthcare risks, benefits, availability and support systems. Public communication utilizes pamphlets, public service announcements, etc. , to alert persons to health issues which can â€Å"encourage healthy behaviors, create awareness, change attitudes, and motivate individuals to adopt recommended behaviors. â€Å"(Healthy people 2010, n. D. , overview). When communicating with patients the nurse needs to look at the overall picture of the patient. This is his or her values, beliefs, culture and knows the health literacy of the attain. The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. When a patient understands his or her disease process it helps that individual make the right decisions regarding their healthcare. A nurse who is able to understand a patient’s values, culture, beliefs, and incorporate them into the patients care builds a sense of trust between the patient and nurse. Communicating with other healthcare professionals also requires effective healthcare communication. Some nurses may not know their role responsibilities. As a charge nurse on the floor you can explain to that nurse what her role is. The charge nurse will need to be accurate in the information she provides, consistent, reliable in that the content is correct and up to date. When positive, caring relationships establish between patients and caregiver, patients report a greater ability to cope effectively with their illness and greater compliance with health care regiments. â€Å"(Morehouse Northouse, 1998, up. 79-80). Patients fear the unknown. Being in a hospital can be scary if they do not know what is happening to them. A nurse who speaks to a patient regarding his plan of care and shows empathy will give that patient a sense that he or she cares. A patient who understands his disease process will be able to make sound decisions, discuss treatment with family and cope with the situation. According to Williwaw, (2007), â€Å"There are five elements in the process of communication; the sender, the receiver, the message, the medium and internal and external static. â€Å"A problem with any of these elements can distort the meaning of what is trying to be conveyed. How to cite Health Care Communication, Papers Health Care Communication Free Essays University of Phoenix Material Health Care Communication Methods The following assignment options provide the opportunity for you to explore communication methods for different kinds of health care scenarios. The assignment options also allow you to examine the effects of HIPAA and other regulations on health care communication. Select and complete one of the following assignments: Option 1: Nursing Home Administrator Option 2: Communications Coordinator Option 1: Nursing Home Administrator Read the following scenario: * As the administrator of a local nursing home, you have just received notification that the organization is being purchased by a national group. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Care Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of new policies to be implemented, many of the residents will be displaced. To make the situation more challenging, some of these residents have difficulty communicating, have no local family, and have not indicated that they approve the release of their medical information. Arrangements must be made for these individuals. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper on the different types of communication methods for the health care organization described in the scenario. Include the following in your paper: The advantages and disadvantages of using traditional, electronic, and social media for health care communication The effects of HIPAA and other regulations on the use of these media for health care communication Cite a minimum of two sources, one from the University Library and the other from the course textbooks or Electronic Reserve Readings, to support your position. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Option 2: Communications Coordinator Consider the following scenario: * You are the communications coordinator for a national drug manufacturer. Recently, there have been reports of significant negative effects caused by one of your medications that is used by a significant population. News reports have alleged that one of the individuals affected is a well-known public figure. You are tasked with addressing the news reports and the general public regarding this situation. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper on different types of communication methods for the health care organization described in the scenario. Include the following in your paper: The advantages and disadvantages of using traditional, electronic, and social media for health care communication The effects of HIPAA and other regulations on the use of these media for health care communication Cite a minimum of two sources, one from the University Library and the other from the course textbooks or Electronic Reserve Readings, to support your position. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. How to cite Health Care Communication, Papers

Cross Culture Management Business Transaction In Manner

Question: Describe about the Cross Culture Management for Business Transaction In Manner. Answer: Introduction: In this paper, we are going to focus on the cultural differences between Brazil and China. The study is carried out on the backgrounds, the way of thinking, cultural differences, and being and acting which helps in influencing the aspect of working practice in business world of Brazil and China. The research is on analysing the impact of culture on the business tactics. The culture is defined as the different pattern in ideas, norms, and belief which focuses on relationship in the society or with other society (Johnsons, 2009). These beliefs assumed to be natural and unchangeable. Culture can also view as the transmission of behaviour from one generation to another (Senay, 2011). The culture of the people depends on three factors such as tradition of the people, transmission of implicit and explicit pattern by using symbols and distinguishing achievement by implementing human group. The core value of the culture is the combination of traditional ideas and the value attached to those ideas. It works on constituting the action and their impact on further action. The cultural difference depends on two pillars which are named as personal moral development and authorization power of the leaders (Belokar, 2012). No scientific standard have been developed to study the differences in thinking, feeling, and acting of different groups because every group is associated with different ideas, values, and beliefs. The international business and culture are associated with different societies which may have impact on the culture, social changes, cultural background of people, and objective study of cross cultural communication helps in evaluating the cultural differences in carrying out successful business transaction in effective manner. About Brazil and China: From the research and literature review, it has been analysed that Brazil is composed of cultural and geographical diversification. It is the largest and most populated country of South America. The culture of Brazil is usually affected by cultural values of Portuguese, indigenous, and African (Perkins, 2015). The stability of the people depends on the social culture of the nation. The stability of the people depends on the social culture of the nation. Brazil is a country rich in diversity.it has a good combination of the races and the ethnicities. The stability of the people depends on the social structure of the family (Mark, 2011). No scientific standard have been developed to study the differences in thinking, feeling, and acting of different groups because every group is associated with different ideas, values, and beliefs. The individual develops the social network to manage relationship with their family. Class System is also followed in Brazil. Skin difference is observed in the culture of the residing people of the nation. China is considered as cultural heritage country. The cultural interaction must not be overlooked for the country. The population of the country shows the different characteristics pattern in accordance with values, behaviour, and believes. From 1970, china is working on the policy of family planning for bringing population under control (Shacklett, 2015). The country believes on reforming and developing opening policies for establishing social market economy. The international business and culture are associated with different societies which may have impact on the culture, social changes, cultural background of people, and objective study of cross cultural communication helps in evaluating the cultural differences in carrying out successful business transaction in effective manner. The Chinese culture focuses on developing relationship with individual because it is treated as the relationship has been developed with the entire organization (Jin, 2015). Economic Relationship between Brazil and China: The population of the country shows the different characteristics pattern in accordance with values, behaviour, and believes. The difference in culture may affect the acceptance of information. Culture can be defined as the way of living standard, behaving, and thinking. Negotiating is the time taken process for the Brazilians. Reviewing of the document is the core process of the business. Decision making authority is provided to the person who is sitting on the top position of the Company (Christini, 2011). Legal documentation is the central part of the business (Thomsons, 2013). From starting to end of the project, negotiating team cannot be changed. Informal communication is followed in handling meeting and conference. Brazilians believes on developing relationship with other people. The personal and professional communication is highly focused on developing relationship between the individuals. Personal relationship is the core part of culture of Brazilians (Brown, 2011). The suc cess of the business depends on the personal relationship developed between the employer and the employees. The effects which have been researched on both the counties due to the cultural difference are listed in the table below: Factors Description Social Cohesion Orientation of intercultural differences Integration of culture Innovation and creation Development of new and unfamiliar ideas Opportunities provided to the new organization Limit the entrepreneur risk Development of artistic model for testing Education Perspective view of individual on education Building and enhancing capacity of knowledge Intercultural education should be provided Well-being and health Development of Psychological well-being Effectiveness and prevention therapy Cohesion with the families and development of relationship with others Health beliefs Sustainability Effectiveness in recycling of the waste Development of responsibility in socio-environment Willingness to spend money on greenery Sustainability in population growth Economic influences Innovation in the competition between business Creativity in cultural values Opportunities provided on the basis of cultural resources Cultural sponsorship Communication and interaction Languages Behaviour of the individual Promotion to the minorities Society and social behaviour Capacity of taking action can be enhanced Creation of retaining identities Modification in the values Preference given to the collective choice Development in the social cohesion Contribution to the development of integrated community Participation of the individual Culture Dimensions of Hofstede, Trompenaars, and Halls: In Hofstede, the cultural dimensions are distinguish on the basis of five modules which are named as Power Index, Individualism, Masculinity, uncertainty, and long term orientation. From the research five independent dimensions have evolved for differentiating the cultural difference between the two countries. The culture of the nation can be evaluated by measuring the difference of culture by making use of assessment tools which can be categorised as development of trust, belief, honesty, and integrity among individual, effectiveness of the leadership, balancing relationship with the stakeholders, Development of mission, values, and vision, and processing of the integrity. The dimensions are described below: Power index distance: The PDI score gives the degree of differentiation between people in terms of equality and inequality. The higher score of PDI indicates the difference in wealth and power among individual. The lower score indicates the social inequality. Hierarchical relationship is usually seen in the culture. Individualism: The score of individualism indicates the importance of individual in relation with cultural values. A high score of individualism indicates that the focus of the country is on the cultural values of the individual. The lower value indicates that the values are associated with the group such as family, tribe, and nation. Masculinity: The traditional role of the male and female can be predicted by the degree to which the reinforcement occurs in the culture. The high score of masculinity indicates more discrimination between male and female genders of the country. The low score of masculinity indicates less discrimination between male and female genders of the country. Masculine culture usually depends on power of competition, accumulation of wealth, and ambition. Feminine culture usually depends on power of developing relationship and maintaining quality of life Uncertainty Avoidance: Uncertainty avoidance is usually associated with the level of uncertainty tolerance and ambiguity. The societies are dependent on the development of rules and regulations. A low score of the country signifies that the ambiguity and uncertainty are not highly focused. When the country is not dependent on rule than it can easily change its policies according to the acceptable changes required in the country. Long Term Orientation: This phenomenon is mainly concerned with the future planning of the country. The long term orientation of the country is usually valued with perseverance. The table below shows the ranking of the two counties i.e. Brazil and China. Country PDI IDV MAS UAI LTO Brazil 69 38 49 76 65 China 80 20 66 30 118 In Trompenaars, the culture difference can be measured in terms of universalism-particularism, specific-Diffuse, achievement-Description, Time perspective relationship with regards to environment, individualism-Communitarianism, and neutral-emotional. The ethical culture of the business helps in aligning the formal structure of the business, development of processes and policies, development of training and development program, ethical behaviour of the top leadership based on values. It focuses on inspiring the population of the nation to follow the ethical standard of the country (Barbosa, 2014). The cultural difference depends on two pillars which are named as personal moral development and authorization power of the leaders. The business culture follows the characteristics such as paternalistic, particularistic, Universalistic, collectivistic, individualistic, formal, and informal. Country Paternalistic Particularistic Universalistic Collectivistic Individualistic Forma Informal Brazil Yes Yes Yes Yes China Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes The culture of the nation can be evaluated by measuring the difference of culture by making use of assessment tools which can be categorised as development of trust, belief, honesty, and integrity among individual, effectiveness of the leadership, balancing relationship with the stakeholders, Development of mission, values, and vision, and processing of the integrity. In Halls, the culture of the Brazil and China are differentiated in terms of context, time, and space. The time spending for developing relationship is followed in china but not in Brazil. The exchanging of the business card is treated as exchanging of information in China but the same is not followed in Brazil. The Chinese culture focuses on developing relationship with individual because it is treated as the relationship has been developed with the entire organization. In the Brazilian culture, they give more importance to the development of relationship with the individual. Interruption is not tolerated in china during communication whereas Brazilian can tolerate the interruption of other people. Kissing, hugging, and backslapping are the important forms of greeting in Brazil whereas Handshaking is usually preferred in China. Cultural Similarities between Brazil and China: Both the countries depend on the process of socialism to get the knowledge about the organization that they are going to start with. Considerable amount of time should be spent for developing relationship with the individuals. The success of the business depends when the relationship of trust develops between the people of the organization. The level of hierarchy is followed in differentiating the authorities to the persons. Criticising and insulting others is treated as an offence. Negotiation with people generally preferred in both the countries. The organization negotiation is not followed in both the countries. The emphasis is given on face to face communication rather than written communication for carrying out business agreement. They beliefs on preparing legal contracts with the business partner. The development of relationship is the core part of the culture of both the countries. Analysis of cultural aspect in Brazil: The working practice of Brazilian is effective when they know about the business with whom they are associated. To start the business with Brazilian it has been noticed that the negotiation should be carried out to start the project and building relationship (Andrew, 2009). The emphasis is given on face to face communication rather than written communication for carrying out business agreement. The working of Brazilians involves preparing legal contracts with the business partner. They give more importance to the people or individual than the organization with which deal has been done. They preferred doing business with the individual or organization whom they know before. All the decision is taken by the person who is sitting on the highest position of the companies. The Brazilian follows the system of hierarchy. Kissing, hugging, and backslapping are the important forms of greeting. Informal communications do not follow any standard for protocol. Brazilian can tolerate the interrup tion of other people. Business cards are used for introducing the persons attending the meeting to one another. Analysis of Cultural aspect in China: China works on ethical system which includes respecting superiors, performing familys duties, loyalty towards friends, and the pillars of sincerity and courtesy. Respect and status can be increased with the increase in the age of the individual. Business cards are used for introducing the persons attending the meeting to one another. The core value of the culture is the combination of traditional ideas and the value attached to those ideas. It works on constituting the action and their impact on further action. The business card is carefully examined by the recipient. If the business card is not read by the recipient properly then it is treated as a breach. Handshaking is the normal form giving greeting to other people. No circulation of expensive gifts in usually followed in working practice. Criticising and insulting others is treated as an offence. The virtues of china culture depend on loyalty, duty, sincerity, filial piety, honour, seniority, respect for age, and others. The sta bility of the society depends on developing harmonious relation between individuals. The development of relationship plays an important role in the success of the business. Conclusion: The study is carried out on the backgrounds, the way of thinking, cultural differences, and being and acting which helps in influencing the aspect of working practice in business world of Brazil and China. The culture is defined as the different pattern in ideas, norms, and belief which focuses on relationship in the society or with other society. From the research and literature review, it has been analysed that Brazil is composed of cultural and geographical diversification. The China believes on reforming and developing opening policies for establishing social market economy. The virtues of culture depend on loyalty, duty, sincerity, filial piety, honour, seniority, respect for age, and others. The stability of the society depends on developing harmonious relation between individuals. The ethical culture focuses on inspiring the population of the nation to follow the ethical standard of the country. The core value of the culture is the combination of traditional ideas and the valu e attached to those ideas. The difference in culture may affect the acceptance of information. Culture can be defined as the way of living standard, behaving, and thinking. References: Johnsons, S. (2009).Cultural differences between countries: the Brazilian and the Chinese way of doing business. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.pucsp.br/icim/ingles/downloads/papers_2010/part_9/32_Cultural%20Differences%20Between%20Countries%20The%20Brazilian%20and%20the.pdf [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Senay, A. (2011).Cultural values and creativity: A two country comparison between United States and South Africa. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1352context=etdsei-redir=1referer=https://www.google.co.in/url%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dresearch [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Belokar, R. (2012).National cultural differences and multinational business. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.aacsb.edu/~/media/AACSB/Publications/CDs%20and%20DVDs/GLOBE/readings/national-cultural-differences-and-multinational-business.ashx [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Perkins, J. (2015). Agriculture trade liberalization and rural poverty: Brazil and china compared. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=research%20paper%20pdf%20on%20cultural%20difference%20between%20china%20and%20b [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Mark, S. (2011).Are Brazilian and American Cultures really different. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.serialsjournals.com/serialjournalmanager/pdf/1436420556.pdf [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Andrew, L. (2009).A cross culture comparison of Brazil, Russia, India, and China on Negotiation style. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-19-0-000-15-Web/Anth-19-2-000-15-Abst-PDF/T-ANTH-19-2-457-15-1177-Tu-Yu-Te/T-ANTH-19-2-457-15-1177-Tu-Yu-Te-Tx[16].pmd.pdf [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Brown, V. (2011).China, India, Brail, and South Africa in the world economy. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6484075.pdf [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Christini, O. (2011). Cultural Differences in business communication. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1149context=teppersei-redir=1referer=https://www.google.co.in/url%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dresearch%2[Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Thomsons, L. (2013).Cultural and Negotiation Strategy. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://uwaterloo.ca/culture-at-work-lab/sites/ca.culture-at-work-lab/files/uploads/files/Neg%20J%202004Culture%20and%20Negotiation%20Strategy.pdf [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Shacklett, D. (2015).Cultural Differences and similarities between China and Brazil. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/978-1-137-54080-5_13 [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Jin, X. (2015).Ethical culture in large business organization in BRIC. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://disciplinas.stoa.usp.br/pluginfile.php/3505/mod_resource/content/1/2011.pdf [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Barbosa, A. (2014).Economic Relationship between Brazil and China. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/global/50190.pdf [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016].